Human Cloning and the Future Essay Example for Free

Human Cloning and the Future Essay In his work from 2002 â€Å"Religion and Human Cloning: An Exploratory Analysis of the First Available Opinion Data†, John Evans proudly states a few possible benefits, or advantages, of human ‘therapeutic’ cloning. While talking about embryonic stem cells, he states â€Å"these cells can eventually be used to treat diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and kidney failure, to name but a few†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (748). These possibilities have mostly been confirmed since the publishing of Evans’ piece and other more incredible possibilities have come about. The benefits of both reproductive and therapeutic cloning are endless, yet many still disagree. They say that cloning is dangerous and that it would end human evolution and bring disaster to society as we know it (Mautner, 68). Do most people really think this is true? Or is modern society simply scared of the unknown and not ready for change? Many scientists and authors constantly debate the ethics and possibilities of human cloning, both for reproductive use and therapeutic use. A couple of possible risks would accompany the beginning of human cloning, however the benefits are legitimate, and we as a species should reconsider. It is common knowledge that mother and father love one another. And it’s the classic ideal for a family to begin, in the act of spousal love through sexual reproduction. Alix Magney, in his work â€Å"Cloning Me, Cloning You: Reflections on the Ethics of Cloning for Individuals, Families and Society†, argues that since human cloning would cause childbearing to lose its proper origins as an act of spousal love, it â€Å"†¦plainly poses a threat to the dignity and equality of women†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (25). I don’t think this is true at all, as adopting a child has been practiced for thousands of years and in vitro fertilization was invented in 1978. In vitro fertilization is where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the female body and then inserted into the uterus for maturation only once the egg is fertilized. Sperm donors have been used for decades, completely negating any ‘spousal love’ from the equation that is reproduction. While people continue to fight over equality for women, which has been true since the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1920, other people continue to debate greater concerns about cloning. I have always heard it said ‘You’re special’, or ‘Just be yourself’, and these are sayings of encouragement to develop your own identity, not to follow others when unnecessary, and to accept that everyone is different. Giovanni Berlucchi, in his work â€Å"The Myth of the Clonable Human Brain†, states that â€Å"†¦most human values are corollaries of the concept that each person is unique and identical to himself or herself through space and time. (160) and â€Å"†¦that this kind of genetic manipulation may interfere with psychological and biological diversity, and therefore with the distinctiveness and autonomy of the individual† (160). I do think that the overuse of a single genetic identity for reproductive cloning would cause a disruption in the common value of individuality, but only in that physical aspect of things. Th e benefits of reproductive cloning and the possibilities of advancing the individual through therapeutic cloning could greatly outweigh any disruptions. Berlucchi continues, â€Å"Nature has, of course, been producing genetically identical humans from time immemorial†¦ in trifling pairs of monozygotic twins, and even less frequently in batches of monozygotic triplets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (160). Prenatal uterine environment differences, along with other environmental differences post-conception, can significantly affect the psychological outcome of the child and is a main reason for psychological differences between monozygotic twins. The concept of environmental determinism dispels the myth that cloning humans would eliminate the core value of individuality. The controversy over abortion is one of the biggest issues for politicians and the rest of society alike. The debate over whether or not an embryo is to be considered a human being with rights is a ‘hot topic’ among the public and continues to be an important argument for almost everyone. In his aforementioned piece â€Å"Religion and Human Cloning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , John Evans says that the Roman Catholic Church has the most clear-cut position against cloning, simply based on the status they give to a human embryo. They believe embryos are equivalent to fully grown humans: â€Å"Embryos are to be treated the same as born persons and therefore cannot be used as means toward an end. Most obviously, they cannot be destroyed to benefit others† (748). The church also opposes cloning because it â€Å"†¦severs human reproduction from sexuality† (748). If a couple is attempting to have a kid with each other, by any means, they are more than likely sexually active with one another, and therefore cloning doesn’t remove the sexuality from the overall situation, even if it is not directly involved with the contraception. Also, new technology has been developed since the writing of this article, and it is now possible to extract stem cells from embryos without destroying the embryo. You can take a single stem cell, or blastomere, and coax it to become an endlessly proliferating stem cell. Although these cells cant form embryos, they can form major types of human tissue just as any embryonic stem cells do. So, therapeutic cloning is possible without the destruction of embryos. Other people fear the end of what Charles Darwin so valiantly discovered and explained to us all over 150 years ago – human evolution. Michael Mautner, in his piece â€Å"Will Cloning End Human Evolution? †, argues that a result of human cloning would be the end of human evolution. He states â€Å"Cloning will, in contrast, reproduce the same genetic makeup of an existing individual. There is no room for new traits to arise†¦ The result: Human evolution is halted† (68). Only an insane situation where cloning was the only method for reproduction and the same genetic makeup was used over and over again would lead to the end of human evolution. This is an extreme situation and would almost definitely never happen. New science behind non-embryonic stem cell research has shown incredible potential for stem cells in general, as embryonic stem cells show significantly more potential than stem cells extracted from other parts of the human body, like the yellow bone marrow. Stem cells are beginning to be used to regrow hair, teeth and cartilage in damaged joints. Since the procedures and research are incredibly expensive, treatment is limited to those wealthy enough. Professional North-American athletes have led the way, being human guinea pigs for the non-invasive procedures in hopes of returning their bodies to their prime, pre-injury, form. Stem cell treatments are growing in popularity and legitimacy, and the use of embryonic stem cells shouldn’t be limited as it can only advance our species. Scientific tests and studies have proven limitless benefits to stem cell transplants, yet ethical concerns and moral-based laws are constraining what could be groundbreaking and life-saving science. There is possible potential for embryonic stem cells to be grown into whole, functional, organs or entire limbs of the human body. The uses could range from a ounded amputee war veteran in need of a new leg, or an elderly woman in need of a new kidney as hers is failing, and the possibilities are endless. Human fear of the unknown is instinctual, but as the realm of the previously impossible comes more into the lights of reality, we need to change our minds on the practicality and usefulness of cloning and embryonic stem cells. For our ailing parents, for our children, and our children’s children, we need to advance as a society, and take hold of the opportunities and benefits sitting right in front of us.

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Plasmodium Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedic

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Plasmodium Malaria is a disease caused by a protozoan parasite and transported by the Anopheles mosquito. Fever is the most common symptom of malaria. Other symptoms include arthralgia and vomiting. The most common diagnosis process for this disease is looking at the patient’s blood under a microscope. If microscopy is not available, antigen detection tests can be used. In a year, there can be as many as five hundred million new cases of malaria, and of those five hundred million, 2.7 million die. That means, on average, a malaria-caused death happens once every twelve seconds. Malaria â€Å"threatens more than 40 percent of the world's population.† (â€Å"NIDCD,† 2002) So what exactly is malaria? What are its symptoms and how would someone diagnose this disease? Malaria is a disease cause by a protozoan parasite. There are four species of these one-celled organisms that cause malaria in humans. They are known as Plasmodium; the most common is Plasmodium falciparum. To get inside our system, Anopheles mosquitoes are needed to transport this killer parasite. Fig. 1 (â€Å"NIDCD† 2002) Symptoms occur about ten to sixteen days after the mosquito bite. (â€Å"Malaria, 2002) Fever and classic flu symptoms begin. Symptoms sometimes follow a pattern of days where the attacks vanish and reoccur again. The period of time when the symptoms come and goes depends on the species of protozoa. For the parasites P. vivax and P. ovale, symptoms come and go for two days, and P. malariae has a three day period. Shivering occurs as well as head and muscle aches. The person infected becomes lethargic. Arthralgia and vomiting are other common symptoms of malaria. Because the parasite is invading and killing red blood cells, malaria can res... ...Malaria. Retrieved July 26, 2006, from CDC Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/faq.htm#symptoms (2005, November 11). Malaria. Retrieved July 26, 2006, from Microbiology @ Leicester Web site: http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/224/Malaria.html (2006). Malaria. Retrieved July 28, 2006, from institute for OneWorld Health Web site: http://www.oneworldhealth.org/diseases/malaria.php (2002, September). Malaria. Retrieved July 30, 2006, from US Department of Health and Human Services Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/medlineplus/leavemedplus.pl?theORG=%4E%49%41%49%44&theURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eniai d%2Enih%2Egov%2Fpublications%2Fmalaria%2Fpdf%2Fmalaria%2Epdf (2002). NIDCD. Retrieved July 30, 2006, from Fooling Anopheles: Scientists Aim to Wipe Out Malaria by Outsmarting a Mosquito's Sense of Smell Web site: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/staticresources/images/malaria.jpg

Discuss the character of Holmes Essay

Discuss the character of Holmes, the construction  of the stories and why the stories were and are so popular  Sherlock Holmes is one of the greatest and renowned detectives ever to exist, except for the fact that he is fictional, created by Sir Conan Doyle. Doyle began writing Sherlock Holmes from 1822. The character Sherlock Holmes, he devised was intensely influenced by one of his university professor encountered during a lecture. His works fascinated Doyle and we can see how it reflects to some of the things Sherlock Holmes does for e.g. his extraordinary deductive skills. Doyle has successfully prevailed upon the hearts of readers with his marvellous masterpieces. A famous museum has been dedicated on Holmes behalf for his outstanding temperament. One quite intriguing fact that proves just how phenomenal Sherlock Holmes is that Conan Doyle decided to withdraw Holmes in the year 1893, as he wanted to focus more on his other desires; however, he was unsuccessful as many readers protested upon this matter, while some even sent him death threats. Therefore, he was compelled to carry on and he did this by making the unstoppable detective Sherlock Holmes’ cheat a narrow death. So in this essay I will be analysing 3 stories: ‘A Scandal in Bohemia’, ‘The Speckled Band’ and ‘The Man with the Twisted Lip’ in which I will be marking out the distinct characteristics of Holmes that seems to attract everyone and Conan Doyle’s brilliant techniques used to captivate vast number of people.  First, I shall discuss about Sherlock Holmes himself in detail. He enjoys his work and is incredibly determined. Motivated by the actual work and not wealth, he devotes all his time and effort into solving mysteries as Watson notifies at the start of the ‘The Speckled Band’, ‘†¦for, working as he did rather for the love of his art than for the acquirement of wealth.’ Shortly afterwards Holmes declares this himself when his client Helen Stoner admits she can only reward him in a few months time; â€Å"As to reward, my profession is its own reward.† Although he does require Helen to pay for any expense occurred during the case; â€Å"but you are at liberty to defray whatever expenses I may be put to, at the time which suits you best.† I believe since Holmes does not accept (mostly) money as a payment to his practice, he does not have any money to pay for the expenses. I presume because of Holmes’ obsession towards his work, he will take any desperate measures he has to adopt in order to comprehend the truth as Watson encouragingly notifies in ‘The Man with the Twisted Lip’, â€Å"Sherlock Holmes was a man, however, who when he had an unsolved problem upon his mind would go for days, and even for week, without rest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Due to this extreme dedication, he completes his objectives effectively and efficiently. Hence, the immortal figure and the eagerness for his position, awards Holmes a very positive effect on the reader. We learn about Holmes’ particular self-esteem, which to some extent can be very annoying and arrogant. For example, Sherlock Holmes cannot prevent himself from producing a soft amusement expression whenever someone fails to match his intelligence for e.g. in ‘A Scandal in Bohemia’ Watson baffled, says, ‘He chuckled to himself and rubbed his long nervous hands together,’ subsequent to Holmes’ brilliantly mastered deduction. It illustrates Holmes as quite an egotistical arrogant person and takes Watson for granted since the mild vague snigger may have been a trifle mock. It was not that Watson was just some ordinary person. He had achieved the title Doctor but even his attributes was nowhere near identical to the wit of Holmes. Holmes is only passionate about cases containing strange and abnormities; in ‘The Speckled Band’, Watson comments, â€Å"he refused to associate himself with any investigation which did not tend towards the unusual, and even the fantastic.† No wonder why all the cases seem to be of the most remarkable quality and from the fact that he worked in cases the official police discarded, â€Å"and clearing up those mysteries, which had been abandoned as hopeless by the official police,† mainly because of too much intricacy. Thus, the extraordinary power he acquires makes him a valuable utility for the police force. This however also presents him as an arrogant person who believes he is too good for the cases he assumes low skilled.

Societies Destructive Behavior around ‘Normal’ - 1776 Words

Society places value on a person based either on who they are, what they believe, or how much money they make. What happens when society places value on how â€Å"normal† a person is? Using the texts of â€Å"Merchant of Venice† and â€Å"Taming of the Shrew† I will argue that in dealing with difference, society often unintentionally annihilates it; but what remains in its wake is often far more disturbing. Religion is one of the most dividing forces in a society. At the time of â€Å"Merchant of Venice† Jews were seen as everything that was an external threat to England’s national welfare. They were known as the enemy within the English culture. The feudalist Christians viewed them as dirty, obsessed with money, and willing to do anything, legal or illegal, to gain monetarily. Christians projected an image of themselves as holding value in people, rather than profit. One of the first places we see a divide between the two religions is in a conversa tion between Bassanio and Shylock in which the differences in the values that Christians versus Jews hold are brought to light: Oh, no, no, no, no: my meaning in saying he is a good man is to have you understand me that he is sufficient. Yet his means are in supposition: he hath an argosy bound to Tripolis, another to the Indies; I understand moreover, upon the Rialto, he hath a third at Mexico, a fourth for England, and other ventures he hath, squandered abroad. But ships are but boards, sailors but men: there be land-rats andShow MoreRelatedOur Regular Routines : A Bridge Between Our Thoughts And People Around Us797 Words   |  4 PagesIn our regular routines, we constantly communicate in many forms with people. Words, gestures, looks, clothes, skin color, -among other factors- act as a bridge between our thoughts and people around us. Many people claim that others do not have an influence over them, since they are the ones who decide and create their own lives. However, if we s top for a moment, we can observe that when we are involved in activities, we actually care about what others could think about us. Furthermore, many ofRead MoreGood vs. Bad of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson932 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual, and societal behavior during the Victorian era. During the Victorian era people, were supposed to behave like a normal person. Certain behaviors were highly restricted for example, showing evil. Instead, they were expected to give respect for everyone. People who acted out against the norm during this period were usually sent to asylums because such behaviors were unacceptable. People in this society did just that, they behaved as if they were perfectly normal. This does not mean thatRead MoreLowering The Drinking Age From 21 Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesUnderage drinking. 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Stanley tries to act superior around Blanche, though Blanche has a holier-than thou personality as aRead MoreAlcoholism And Its Effects On Society1099 Words   |  5 Pageschronic illness and if it left untreated, it could be fatal (2015, February, 3). This disease is located in the limbic system of the brain. It is behaviourally symptomatic. Addicted people become dangerous and irresponsible; they display a destructive behavior. At that time addicts lose loved ones, jobs, friends, and stable life. It destroys families and everything in its path. Addiction affects people of all cultures, professions, different ages all over the world. It is well known that alcoholismRead MorePlanet of the Apes1064 Words   |  4 Pagesquestion, â€Å"Tell me, though, does man, that marvel of the universe, that glorious paradox who sent me to the stars, still make war against his brother ... keep his neighbors children starving?† Taylor, a cynic and skeptic, sees man as violent and destructive. When he arrives in the future to a world where apes are supreme the antagonist of the film, Dr. Zaius states, â€Å"Man is evil! Capable of nothing but destruction!† As much as these two creatures are at odds with each other they hold the same cynicalRead MoreLord of the Flies Descriptive Good or Evil1070 Words   |  5 Pagesinto a bad state. Thus, humans are naturally good, but it is society that demeans them. On the other hand, another great influential thinker, Thomas Hobbes, believed that humans are inborn evil, but it is society that subdues the evil ways. Many studies led to the assumption that humans are born with evil inside, and it is human nature to act upon evil impulses, as in what Hobbes believes. Many believe that evil behavior in people is something that is learned, as in what Rousseau demonstratedRead MoreEmotional Abuse in Canada Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition is needed. 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Reflection Of A Discourse Community - 1587 Words

Growing up I didn’t socialize with people so it was hard for me to join a discourse community. But we I was around the age of fifteen I joined the basketball team, and ever since then it became my discourse community. In this paper, I’m going to explain how the team was a discourse community to me. And what roles we did to become a discourse community. Many people say basketball is all about winning games. But its more than that, I’ve learned many concepts in the game of basketball I’m going demonstrate what made my basketball team a discourse community. Definition What is a discourse community? What do John Swales mean by a discourse community? And what are the six steps in a discourse community? â€Å"A discourse community is a group of people that’s trying to reach their goals, and everyone has different functions. These public goals may be formally described as concepts that play a part in a discourse community† (Swales220). Discourse community have six steps. And these steps are â€Å"goals or purpose the group want†, â€Å"has mechanism of intercommunication among its members†, â€Å"uses it participatory mechanisms to provide information and feedback,† â€Å"utilizes and hence possesses one or more genres in the communicative furtherance of its aims,† â€Å"acquired some specific lexis†. â€Å"level of members with a suitable degree of relevant content and discoursal expertise† (220-222). By having these six steps it provides all of the concepts in a discourse community. These six s teps are like theShow MoreRelatedReflection Of A Discourse Community1591 Words   |  7 Pagesknows that his or her achievement depends on a community of persons working together.† We do not often realize how important it is for everybody to work together to achieve a goal. A community is a group of individual people gathered together to form a whole, like a school, local church, government entity, non-profit organization, sport team, etc. This whole can make reference to a discourse community. According to John Swales, discourse communities are unions where individuals have a common purposeRead MoreA Reflection On A Discourse Community999 Words   |  4 PagesA  discourse community  is a group of people who share a set of discourses, understood as basic values and assumptions, and ways of communicating about those goals. John Swales  defines a discourse community  as groups that have goals or purposes, and use communication to achieve these goals. The community I choose to identify with is special education. Special education teachers, or aids, really dedicate themselves and their time to others who need special assistance or treatment. The California DepartmentRead MoreReflection Of A Discourse Community2004 Words   |  9 Pagesdefines a discourse community as an exclusive group of people brought together by a common goal. According to John Swales (1990), every discourse community has six characteristics that makes them a discourse community. Overall the group must have a shared goal, in which they communicate with each other through different genres and lexis they have developed; genres are different types of communication that the group employ and lexis is the specialized language utilized by that particular discourse communityRead MoreReflection Of My Discourse Community1683 Words   |  7 Pagesusing sound foreign. That is what is so interesting about discourse communities. Everyone is a part of a discourse community whether it is your family, religion, or activities you partake in. The discourse community that I am apart of is my pledge class in the Sigma Phi Epsilon chapter here at Southeast. We all met at the beginning of the school year yet we are already so close we call each other brothers. I observed my discourse community on two different occasions. The first time I observed themRead MoreThe Reflection Of A Motorcycle Riders Group As An Discourse Community1688 Words   |  7 Pages we focused on discourse communities: which in fact are a group of people who share same values, beliefs, ideas, interest using same language and method of communication to achieve a certain goal. The people in discourse communities requires the certain level of knowledge and expertise in the field and becomes part of the discourse community by understanding and using logos, ethos, and pathos to discuss, explain and argue their own interest and knowledge within their own community using the own methodRead MoreThe Mysteries Of Molecular Medicine And Genetics916 Words   |  4 Pagesfor the Research Problem have helped me towards achieving course learning outcome number 3:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Use a flexible writing process and varied technologies to produce texts that address the expectations of the student’s disciplinary or professional discourse community in terms of claims, evidence, organization, format, style, rhetorical situation, strategies, and effects by drawing on an explicit understanding of the genre(s) being composed.†Ã‚  This learning outcome is focused towards writing, and my ORP bestRead MoreTransferring Knowledge907 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscursive practices, metacognition, critical reflection, and strategies to transfer knowledge that has been gained to other events in our lives. Learning about the structures of discourses and how writing is constructed specifically to the context by which the writing is produced in is a very valuable skill which can be transferred to many other situations I may face in my future. The process by which writing is begun, knowing how discourse communities function, and understanding the metacognitiveRead MoreAnalysis Of Anne Beaufort s Words, A Better, Product1599 Words   |  7 Pagesill-prepared writers, incompet ent and limited to one discourse community. i.e. bad â€Å"products.† However, English 3010 is a course for upper-level students, and the emphasis is on conducting research by drawing from the sciences, social sciences, humanities, and professions in preparation for Writing Intensive courses in the majors and beyond. 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Ally (2008) suggests the following:Read MoreThe Discourse Of A Discourse Community1224 Words   |  5 PagesA discourse community is defined as a group of people involved in and communicating about a particular topic, issue, or in a particular field. We all belong to multiple discourse communities.To earn a position of a discourse community one must possess accurate knowledge, establish reliability of members to be accepted and learn to persuade other members of the community. The discourse community that I identify with personally and the profession I plan to pursue is the world of film production. However

The Quiet American Essay - 743 Words

The Quiet American The film The Quiet American takes place during the 1950’s in Vietnam. The movie illustrates the atmosphere of Vietnam previous to the Vietnam War and during the French occupation of the country. The main plot of the movie revolves around three characters: Fowler played by Michael Caine, Pyle played by Brendan Fraiser, and Phoung played by Do Thi Hai Yen. For the duration of the movie the three main characters are involved in a semi love triangle. This triangle and the emotions that the male characters feel towards Phoung begin to characterize the way they feel about the country of Vietnam itself. Vietnam becomes feminized, taboo, and sexualized just as Phoung does in Pyle and Fowler’s eyes. The manner in†¦show more content†¦Pyle doesn’t love Vietnam so much as he hates communism, in the same way he doesn’t love Phoung so much as he does not want Fowler to have her. Fowler on the other hand walks a thin line between noninvolvement and participatio n within the situations at hand. Fowler believes that Vietnam should be left to make its own decisions, but at the same time he is afraid of the consequences of such choices. This policy of noninvolvement and noncommittal is the same way that he approaches all the situations within his life. Fowler does not want to become concerned with the circumstances occurring in Vietnam and he also does not wholeheartedly become involved in the situation between Pyle and Phoung until he is forced to do so. He essentially permits Phoung to decide whom she wants to be with until he is compelled to leave his state of neutrality when it does not seem as if he will become the winner of her heart. Yet again Fowler’s feelings towards Phoung embody his feelings towards Vietnam. Fowler wanted to give Phoung a chance to make her own decisions until he becomes petrified that she will choose the stability of Pyle rather than himself. In a similar way, Fowler believed that Vietnam should be able to c hoose what would occur in its own future but he was afraid at the same time that they would make the wrong decision and elect a communist leader. Although Phoung’s embodiment of Vietnam is the majorShow MoreRelatedThe Quiet American by Graham Greene1629 Words   |  7 PagesGraham Greenes novel, The Quiet American, is more than a political statement about whether or not America or any other country for that matter should become involved in the affairs of another country; Greene makes the question human and personal. The novel can be read as a political and moral reflection on the opening stages of the United States’ involvement in Southeast Asia. Therefore, Greene’s novel becomes a commentary on the pointlessness of the United States’ later investment of men and materialRead MoreThe Quiet American By Graham Greene1272 Words   |  6 Pages The Quiet American was a book originally written in 1955 by Graham Greene, inspired by the first French Indochina w ar in Vietnam placed during 1951 - 1954. The author adds a love triangle in the mist of war’s chaos to deepen the reader’s interest. His decision to create a fictional love story during a turbulent time in our history proved to be successful, even though, Greene insists, This is a story and not a piece of history. Bushnell reflects Greene’s comment adding, Unfortunately, The QuietRead MoreThe Quiet American, By Graham Greene1430 Words   |  6 Pagesbiased to their innocence, which often causes more harm than good. In The Quiet American, by Graham Greene, Alden Pyle is an innocent, and therefore problematic, character. The novel is set in 1950s Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Pyle is representative of the American forces in the war as his primary goal is to stop communism, and he surmises that he knows the best way to do it. Because of this, he is an example of American exceptionalism, believing that he is most apt to solve the crisis in VietnamRead MoreEssay on The Quiet American by Graham Greene1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe Quiet American is written by Graham Greene. This novel is about the conflict between Alden Pyle and Thomas Fowler. The novel’s events have already taken place and Fowler is the narrator of the story. Thomas Fowler, a man in his fifties, is a British journalist who has been covering the events taking place in the French War in Vietnam for over two years. He chooses to remain neutral between the sides of the battles he covers. He meets Alden Pyle, a young American who is well educated and secretlyRead MoreThe Quiet American - Taking Sides Is Human789 Words   |  4 PagesThe Quiet American, by Graham Greene, implements a number of techniques to persuade the reader to believe that taking sides is human. This is done mainly through character development, events, narrative and setting. Using these techniques, Graham Greene is able to successfully create invited readings which support his views. Important to this process, character development is the center of this novel, and a powerful force behind the beliefs and invited readings presented by the text. Using charactersRead MoreThe Theme of Guilt: Enduring Love, Quiet American2059 Words   |  9 PagesThe theme of guilt: Enduring Love, Quiet American Before starting my essay, I would like to share an extract from an article which is related my topic. I think it is better to start scientific definition of my main argument Guilt as a moral concept. In this article, shame and guilt are being discussed and I am going to connect with the characters of the books I am going to write about them. â€Å"Analyses of personal shame and guilt experiences providedRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness And The Quiet American1581 Words   |  7 PagesHeart of Darkness and The Quiet American, the treatment of women and victims of imperialism are almost indistinguishable. Joseph Conrad and Graham Greene were both aware of the constraints women in the 19th and 20th century faced for simply being rational and intelligent. Women were objectified and a straightjacket of propriety, during a time of greed and corruption. Although both works contain moments of this reoccurring suppression, Heart of Darkness and The Quiet American do recognize the power womenRead MoreEssay on The Quiet American1280 Words   |  6 PagesThe Quiet American How long can you sit on the fence and not get involved? How long before youre forced to choose sides? Thomas Fowler learns the answers to this dilemma the hard way. Fowler at the onset of our story, describes himself as being an objective observer, purposely not taking sides, just telling over the facts. My fellow journalists called themselves correspondents; I preferred the title of reporter. I wrote what I saw, I took no action- even an opinion is a kind of action. (20)Read MoreThe Quiet American - Imaginative1970 Words   |  8 Pagesfoolish to realize that in the end, it was only USA gaining the benefits of my work. Here we are Mr. Allen, said the petty officer driving the Humvee. Thanks for the ride, I wont need the ride back today, I replied. No problem. Back to the American air base in Fallujah, the last time I had been asked to come here was back 3 weeks ago when the first attack upon the building I had originally stayed in had been bombed to ashes. As all the soldiers had told me, that event would be listed as anRead MoreConflicts Involve a Clash of Ideas, Interests and Expectations.808 Words   |  4 Pagescan be small scaled and result in political debates, or in contrast, they can result in colossal wars as we’ve seen in the past century. This is as true in literature as much as life. Graham Greene proves this notion in his allegoric novel The Quiet American, as he draws upon political ideologies and represents these through the characters in the novel. Greene places the characters within the context of Indochina War, and presents relationships of the characters symbolically to represent the circumstances

Global Effort of Improving Health Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Global Effort of Improving Health. Answer: Issue The World Health Organization (WHO) has published estimation that one-third of the global population has no access to the medicines they require. It has been found that improved access to the vital medicines would advance the global effort of improving health in the developing part of the world and for tackling key diseases like tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria. It is one of the considerations of WHO that fair access to safe and inexpensive medicines is fundamental for the achievement of the best possible health standard by everyone. In this context, the issue of medicine supply in developing countries is a major concern (WHO | Access to Medicines, 2017). Background In the public sector of lower and middle income countries (LMIC), the average availability of generic medicines is just 38%, whereas, the private sector availability is higher, with an average of 64% (Leisinger, Garabedian Wagner, 2012). However, the medicines of private pharmacies are not affordable. In developing countries, medicines build a huge economic burden on the healthcare systems and households, owing to the consumption of 25-65% of the total private and public health expenditure and 60-90% of the health expenditure in households (Leisinger, Garabedian Wagner, 2012). Progressively more, demands are being put on the pharmaceutical industry for contributing towards the improvement of the access to medicines for the poor patients in the LMICs. Of the Millennium Development Goals, three of them are directly focusing on health issues reduction in child mortality, improvement in maternal health and combating malaria, HIV/AIDS and other diseases (Roffe, 2012). Current Status The WHO considers that in the developing countries, unacceptably low health outcomes are the result of the failure of health systems. The concern is that governments of most of the developing countries are spending majority of their resources on other sectors instead of health and education, and whatever little is applied are either wasted or misallocated due to politics or corruption. Despite international dedication and unprecedented donor support, efforts for improving access to medicines require a vast amount of improvement. In 2014 and 2015, the global drug spending increased by 9%, outpacing both the economic growth and overall health expenses (Moon, 2017). The highlight is that for long what the LMICs has been facing till date, the concern has reached the high income countries too. Inadequate innovation and unaffordable medicines have turned into global issues. Similar to climate change, they are in need of international cooperation and public policies. Key Considerations According to WHO (WHO | Access to non communicable diseases medicines, 2017) every year nearly 35 million people die because of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Approximately 80% of this happens in the LMICs, which could have been avoided if they were treated with essential medicines. Unfortunately, the situation is generally poor in majority of the LMICs in terms of access to these chronic disease medicines. Approximately a decade ago, the crisis in medicine access pushed the elevation of infectious diseases towards being a foreign policy issue and became the reason for the mobilization of billions in global health support (Bollyky, 2013). On the other hand, trade liberalization can have both a positive and negative influence on the access to medicines. It promotes transfer of goods and services, technologies and investments that can advance the access of medicines directly by expanding access. However, the benefits gets contested by displayed disparities in economic growth related to trade and investments, exacerbated income disparities within countries and increased fiscal and food insecurity. In place of public health protections, trade liberalization also acts as a crucial upstream deciding factor of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). NCDs are one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide today (Ebrahim et al., 2013). Trade liberalization is a driver of NCDs via two major pathways. The first is that it can facilitate the global diffusion of risky commodities that causes NCDs in the first place, like tobacco, alcohol and processed food across international borders. Transnational risk commodity corporati ons (TRCCs) manufacture, market and distribute these kinds of commodities on an international level and is considered as a key mechanism. Instead of helping with providing access to medicines for essential treatment, trade liberalization allows the TRCCs rapid movement of investments, production capacity, technologies, raw materials and final products across borders, driving consumption of risky commodities. Moreover, trade liberalization even supports the intellectual property rights of transnational pharmaceutical organizations and TRCCs. It potentially restrains the access to medicine and technologies that are used for the deterrence or cure of NCDs. The LMICs have the greatest need for NCD related essential medications (Baker, Kay Walls, 2014). The main reason behind the lack of access to medicines are multiple, however, the elevated prices are a huge barrier to required treatment. The World Trade Organization Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement provides 20 years of patent protection for pharmaceuticals and additionally counts in safeguarding options like compulsory licensing for making sure countries get the chance to override patents in cases where they become a barrier to the access of medications. The Millennium Development Goal No. 6 acknowledges the need to combat malaria, HIV/AIDS and other diseases, and goal 8E addresses the need for improving the accessibility of inexpensive medicines for the worlds poor. The access is not adequate in developing countries though (Hogerzeil et al., 2013). Majority of the Australians in some way have interacted with NCDs they either had it themselves or knew someone who has. This has taken place despite of the country taking great strides in the direction of facing and tackling these diseases. Smoking related diseases have been controlled with the help of advertising, heavy tobacco taxes and changing mindsets regarding passive smoking. Due to this control, improved medical treatments and dietary improvements, large numbers of deaths that could have happened due to heart disease and stroke was taken care of. Even though the health system in Australia is not perfect, it is still much better than a lot of other countries. Australia has public education programs too, that have made such a big difference. However, the attention still falls short in terms of funding, health policy and program implementation for effective prevention (Moodie, Tolhurst Martin, 2016). To further assist in better access to medicines, the Australian delegation can speak up regarding what they have learnt about in their fight against NCDs and the non-availability of medicines. There needs to be efforts to reduce the population in Asia and Pacific who because of NCD have lost their eyesight. These conditions have had a greater negative impact than many other conditions, both communicable and non-communicable. For better access of medicines, first there is a need of intervention by extremely qualified health practitioner to make sure proper use is done of the medicines. The state and territory government with the pharmaceutical industry must cooperate to take up responsibility of the regulatory arrangements of essential medicines. A cooperative action must continue to ensure efficient, modern registration and schedules that are consistent with the community interest and best practice principles (Department of Health | National Medicines Policy Document, 2014). Options WHOs Ex-Director General, Margaret Chan opined that essential medicines can act as interventions, and if they are used properly can even save millions of lives each year and trim down needless suffering. It is already proven that mortality and morbidity can be reduced with the help of good governance, smart resource spending in accordance with the real needs, and good health requires medicine. A moral imperative exists that equal distribution of resources for the improvement of medicinal access for the needy and vulnerable. Governments have the option of taking the step of facilitating noteworthy progress in the direction of development of medicinal access, even if there are budget restraints, such as abolishment of sales tax, import tariffs and duties on medicines. In some instances, capacity and efficacy in the public sector are low and adoption of strategies placing huge workload on public institutions might prove to be detrimental. It is the shared responsibility of the pharmaceu tical industry, international community and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to improve the access to medicines. The international community can attempt coordination, concentrate on improving health systems over vertical programs and evaluating the different required and unnecessary effects of interventions. NGOs need to be given better opportunities so that they can contribute to the achievement of the global health goals. NGOs can campaign for increased and better-coordinated health care resources and promotion of sustainable health systems. It is the responsibility of the pharmaceutical industry to the provision of success to essential and affordable drugs in the LMICs (Leppo et al., 2013). Conclusion Proper actions and effective mechanisms to make sure the access to medicine is possible assist in the quality and proper use of those medicines. It is the responsibility of a Minister for Health to make sure misuse and misallocation of essential medicines does not happen. WHOs ultimate goal of providing access to everyone on this planet of medicines is the only way to avoid such life harming disease like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. The current problem of access to medicines can be solved somewhat by reviewing the existing practices and incorporating the suggested steps. References Baker, P., Kay, A., Walls, H. (2014). Trade and investment liberalization and Asias noncommunicable disease epidemic: a synthesis of data and existing literature.Globalization and health,10(1), 66. Bollyky, T. J. (2013). Access to drugs for treatment of noncommunicable diseases.PLoS medicine,10(7), e1001485. Department of Health | National Medicines Policy Document. (2014).Health.gov.au. Retrieved 27 July 2017, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/national-medicines-policy Ebrahim, S., Pearce, N., Smeeth, L., Casas, J. P., Jaffar, S., Piot, P. (2013). Tackling non-communicable diseases in low-and middle-income countries: is the evidence from high-income countries all we need?.PLoS medicine,10(1), e1001377. Hogerzeil, H. V., Liberman, J., Wirtz, V. J., Kishore, S. P., Selvaraj, S., Kiddell-Monroe, R., ... Lancet NCD Action Group. (2013). Promotion of access to essential medicines for non-communicable diseases: practical implications of the UN political declaration.The Lancet,381(9867), 680-689. Leisinger, K. M., Garabedian, L. F., Wagner, A. K. (2012). Improving access to medicines in low and middle income countries: corporate responsibilities in context.Southern med review,5(2), 3. Leppo, K., Ollila, E., Pena, S., Wismar, M., Cook, S. (2013).Health in all policies-seizing opportunities, implementing policies. Sosiaali-ja terveysministeri. Moodie, A. R., Tolhurst, P., Martin, J. E. (2016). Australias health: being accountable for prevention.Med J Aust,204(6), 223-225. Moon, S. (2017).Powerful Ideas for Global Access to Medicines NEJM.New England Journal of Medicine. Retrieved 27 July 2017, from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1613861#t=article Roffe, P. (2012).Negotiating health: Intellectual property and access to medicines. Earthscan. WHO | Access to Medicines. (2017).World Health Organization. Retrieved 27 July 2017, from https://www.who.int/publications/10-year-review/medicines/en/ WHO | Access to non communicable diseases medicines. (2017).World Health Organization. Retrieved 27 July 2017, from https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/policy/access_noncommunicable/en/